Masculine Noun ending in "a"
Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
Dative
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
Vocative
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-o |
-ā |
| Acc |
object |
-aṃ |
-e |
| Ins |
by/with |
-ena |
-ehi,-ebhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-āya,-assa |
-ānaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-ā,-mhā,-smā |
-ehi,-ebhi |
| Gen |
of |
-assa |
-ānaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-e,-mhi,-smiṃ |
-esu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-a |
-ā |
Neuter Noun ending in "a"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-aṁ |
-ā,-āni |
| Acc |
object |
-aṃ |
-e,-āni |
| Ins,Abl,Dat,Gen,Loc |
same as masc. |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-a |
-āni |
Gerund (having V+ed)
Root/base -tvā or -itvā
Infinitive (to V)
Root/base -tvā or -itvā
Present Participle (V+ing)
Root/base -nta or -māna
Present Tense, active voice base ends in "a"
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
-ti
|
-nti
|
| 2nd |
-si
|
-tha
|
| 1st |
-āmi
|
-āma
|
Present Tense, active voice base ends in "e"
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
-eti,-ayati
|
-enti,-ayanti
|
| 2nd |
-esi,-ayasi
|
-etha,-ayatha
|
| 1st |
-emi,-ayāmi
|
-ema,-ayāma
|
Future Tense
Root/base -ssa or -issa + person/number ending.
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
gamissati
|
gamissanti
|
| 2nd |
gamissasi
|
gamissatha
|
| 1st |
gamissāmi
|
gamissāma
|
Optative (If) would
Root/base -eyya + person/number ending.
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
paceyyati
|
paceyyuṁ
|
| 2nd |
paceyyāsi
|
paceyyatha
|
| 1st |
paceyyāmi
|
paceyyāma
|
Imperative (Let's)
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
-tu
|
-ntu
|
| 2nd |
-a,-āhi
|
-tha
|
| 1st |
-āmi
|
-āma
|
Past Tense
| Person |
Singular |
Plural |
| 3rd |
-i
|
-(i)ṁsu,-uṁ
|
| 2nd |
-i,-o
|
-(i)tha
|
| 1st |
-iṁ
|
-(i)mhā
|
Feminine Noun ending in "ā"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-ā |
-ā,-āyo |
| Acc |
object |
-aṃ |
-ā,-āyo |
| Ins |
by/with |
-āya |
-āhi,-ābhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-āya |
-ānaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-āya |
-āhi,-ābhi |
| Gen |
of |
-āya |
-ānaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-āya,-āyaṃ |
-āsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-e |
-ā,-āyo |
Past Participle (V+ed)
Root/base -(i)ta then declined according to the supporting noun.
Feminine Noun ending in "i"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-i |
-ī,-iyo |
| Acc |
object |
-iṃ |
-ī,-iyo |
| Ins |
by/with |
-iya |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-iya |
-īnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-iya |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Gen |
of |
-iya |
-īnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-iya,-iyaṃ |
-īsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-i |
-ī,-iyo |
Present Participle (V+ing) (contd.)
Root/base -nta or -māna
Present Participle feminine
Root/base -ntī then declined like feminine "ī"
or
Root/base -mānā then declined like feminine "ā".
Future Passive Participle (to be/shoulde be V+ed)
Root/base -(i)tabba or -anīya.
Causative (making/getting [someone] to V [something])
Root/base
-e /
-aya /
-āpe /
-āpaya
then conjugate by person & number.
Bases ending in
-e / -aya
goes with
-āpe / -āpaya
Person carrying out the action (someone) is expressed in Accusative or Instrumental case.
Feminine Noun ending in "u"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-u |
-ū,-uyo |
| Acc |
object |
-uṃ |
-ū,-uyo |
| Ins |
by/with |
-uyā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-uyā |
-ūnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-uyā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Gen |
of |
-uyā |
-ūnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-uyā,-uyaṃ |
-ūsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-u |
-ū,-uyo |
Masculine Noun ending in "i"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-i |
-ī,-ayo |
| Acc |
object |
-iṃ |
-ī,-ayo |
| Ins |
by/with |
-inā |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-ino,-issa |
-īnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-inā,-imhā,ismā |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Gen |
of |
-ino,-issa |
-īnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-imhi,-ismiṃ |
-īsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-i |
-ī,-ayo |
Masculine Noun ending in "ī"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-ī |
-ī,-ino |
| Acc |
object |
-iṃ,-inaṃ |
-ī,-ino |
| Ins |
by/with |
-inā |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-ino,-issa |
-īnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-inā,-imhā,ismā |
-īhi,-ībhi |
| Gen |
of |
-ino,-issa |
-īnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-ini,-imhi,-ismiṃ |
-īsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-ī |
-ī,-ino |
Masculine Noun ending in "u"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-u |
-ū,-avo |
| Acc |
object |
-uṃ |
-ū,-avo |
| Ins |
by/with |
-unā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-uno,-ussa |
-ūnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-unā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Gen |
of |
-uno,-ussa |
-ūnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-umhi,-usmiṃ |
-ūsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-u |
-ū,-avo |
Masculine Noun ending in "ū"
| Case |
Meaning |
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom |
subject |
-ū |
-ū,-uno |
| Acc |
object |
-uṃ |
-ū,-uno |
| Ins |
by/with |
-unā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Dat |
to/for |
-uno,-ussa |
-ūnaṃ |
| Abl |
from |
-unā |
-ūhi,-ūbhi |
| Gen |
of |
-uno,-ussa |
-ūnaṃ |
| Loc |
in/on/at |
-umhi,-usmiṃ |
-ūsu |
| Voc |
“O …” |
-ū |
-ū,-uno |